Research article    |    Open Access
International Journal of Progressive Education 2009, Vol. 5(2) 6-22

Heuristics and NCLB Standardized Tests: A Convenient Lie

Arnold Dodge

pp. 6 - 22

Publish Date: June 15, 2009  |   Single/Total View: 110/387   |   Single/Total Download: 172/636


Abstract

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requires public schools in the United States to test students in grades 3-8. The author argues that this mandate has been supported by the public, in part, because of the 'availability heuristic,' a phenomenon which occurs when people assess the probability of an event by the ease with which instances or occurrences can be brought to mind. These 'mental short cuts,' which tend to oversimplify complex issues, are being employed by policy-makers in promoting standardized testing as the panacea for the problems of the public school system. The premises of this campaign include the 'good intentions' to 'leave no child behind,' the promise of improved accountability through high-stakes testing and the purported worthiness of test results. The author claims these premises are specious and examines their harmful potential for diverting resources, distracting educators and alarming children.

Keywords:


How to Cite this Article?

APA 7th edition
Dodge, A. (2009). Heuristics and NCLB Standardized Tests: A Convenient   Lie. International Journal of Progressive Education, 5(2), 6-22.

Harvard
Dodge, A. (2009). Heuristics and NCLB Standardized Tests: A Convenient   Lie. International Journal of Progressive Education, 5(2), pp. 6-22.

Chicago 16th edition
Dodge, Arnold (2009). "Heuristics and NCLB Standardized Tests: A Convenient   Lie". International Journal of Progressive Education 5 (2):6-22.

References
  1. Ascribe newswire (2006, July 12). Student proficiency test scores impact home values, study finds. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http://www.ascribe.org [Google Scholar]
  2. ABC of Yoga (2006). Competitive yoga to become an olympic sport. Retrieved August 17, 2008, from http://www.abc-of- yoga.com/news/200612/competitive-yoga-to-become-an-olympic-sport.asp [Google Scholar]
  3. Arenson, K. (2003, August 27). New York math exam trial showed most students failing. New York Times, p. C12 [Google Scholar]
  4. Berk, L.E., & Winsler,A. (1995). Scaffolding children's learning: Vygotsky and early childhood education. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. [Google Scholar]
  5. Changing Minds (n.d.). Availability heuristic. Retrieved July 26, 2008, from http://www.changingminds.org/explanations/theories/availability_heuristic.ht m [Google Scholar]
  6. deVise, D. (2007, March 4). A concentrated approach to exams: Rockville school's efforts to raise questions of test-prep ethics. Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2007, from http://www.washingtonpost.com [Google Scholar]
  7. Economic Expert (n.d.). Availability heuristic. Retrieved July 26, 2008, from http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Availability;heuristic.htm [Google Scholar]
  8. Elkind, D. (1981). The hurried child. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. [Google Scholar]
  9. Farley, J.D., & Rosario, H. (2008, May 15). A critique of monetary educational incentives for elementary and middle school students in New York City public schools. Teachers College Record. Retrieved May 24, 2008, from http://wwwtcrecord.org [Google Scholar]
  10. Flanagan, N. (2007). Sitting in Einstein's lap. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://teacherleaders.org [Google Scholar]
  11. Glod, M. (2008, June 13). Mandated tutoring not helping Maryland, Virginia scores: Several states find 'No Child' provision does little to improve test results. Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2008, from http://www.washingtonpost.com [Google Scholar]
  12. Goleman, D. (2007). Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships. New York: Bantam. [Google Scholar]
  13. Gonen, Y. (2008, August 28). Parents slam 'k' kid testing. New York Post, p.2. Gonen, Y., & Soltis, A. (2008, June 24). School kids hit high marks. New York Post, p.8. [Google Scholar]
  14. Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: Norton. [Google Scholar]
  15. Hallinger, P. & Snidvongs, K. (2008, January). Educating leaders: Is there anything to learn from business management? Educational Management, Administration and Leadership, 36, 9-31 [Google Scholar]
  16. Hayes, Deirdre (2004). State policy and district responsiveness: the relationship between district responsiveness to New York State policy in the areas of standards and assessments and district socio-economic status and district performance on assessment tests. (Doctoral dissertation, St. Johns University, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 2037 [Google Scholar]
  17. Hursh, D. (2007). Assessing No Child Left Behind and the rise of neoliberal education policies. American Educational Research Journal 44(3), 493-518. [Google Scholar]
  18. Gardner, W. (2007, November 21). Reading for test scores and for life [Letter to the editor]. New York Times. P. A35 [Google Scholar]
  19. Jarret, O. (2002). Recess in elementary school: What does the research say? Retrieved August 15, 2008, from http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu [Google Scholar]
  20. Kohn, A. (2000). The case against standardized testing: Raising the scores, ruining the schools. Portsmouth: Boynton/Cook. [Google Scholar]
  21. Lucadamo, K. (2006, February, 2). Hey, this is kindergarten, not salt mines, says irate dad. New York Daily News, p. 8. [Google Scholar]
  22. McCaw, D. (2007, February). Dangerous intersection ahead. The School Administrator 64 (2), 32-39 [Google Scholar]
  23. Medina, J. (2007, November 16). Little progress for city schools on national test. New York Times. p. B5. [Google Scholar]
  24. Meyers, C. (2007, November 21). Reading for test scores and for life. [Letter to the editor]. New York Times, p. A35 [Google Scholar]
  25. Neuman, Susan (2008, July31). Education should lift all children. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved August 15, 2008, from http://freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage [Google Scholar]
  26. Neylan, T.C., (Ed.). (1998, spring). Hans Selye and the field of stress research. Neuropsychiatry Classics, 10 (1), 230 [Google Scholar]
  27. Nichols, S., & Berliner, D. (2007). Collateral damage : How high-stakes testing corrupts America's schools. New York: Harvard Education Press. [Google Scholar]
  28. No Child Left Behind Act, PL107-110 (2001) (enacted). [Google Scholar]
  29. Nussbaum, D. (2006, December 10). Before the children ask, 'What's recess?' New York Times, p. 3. [Google Scholar]
  30. Perkins-Gough, D. (2004, September). Special report: The eroding curriculum. Educational Leadership, 62(1), 84-85 [Google Scholar]
  31. Pink, D. (2006). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. New York: Riverhead Trade. [Google Scholar]
  32. Rich, M. (2007, November 19). Study links drop in test scores to a decline in time spent reading. New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com [Google Scholar]
  33. Richie-Sharp, S (n.d.). The history of kindergarten. Retrieved August 15, 2008, from http://froebelweb.tripod.com/web2003.html [Google Scholar]
  34. Robinson, K. (2006) Do schools kill creativity? Talk presented at TED Convention. Retrieved August 12, 2008, from http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativit y.html [Google Scholar]
  35. Rothstein, R., & Jacobsen, R. (2006, December). The goals of education. Phi Delta Kappan 88(4), 264-272 [Google Scholar]
  36. Rowan, B. (1982). Organizational structure and the institutional environment: The case of public schools. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 259-79. [Google Scholar]
  37. Sanacore, J. (2007). Needed: Critics of literacy education with a more inclusive perspective. International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(1), 29-43 [Google Scholar]
  38. Saunders, Sylvia (2008, June 5) Regents seeking faster turnaround for 3-8 tests: Should SED revise testing calendar and change the scoring process? New York Teacher, p. 4 [Google Scholar]
  39. Seewald, C. (2007). Interviewing a school administrator. Unpublished manuscript, Long Island University/C.W. Post Campus. [Google Scholar]
  40. Shepard, L., & Smith,M. (1989). Escalating kindergarten curriculum. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://ericeece.org [Google Scholar]
  41. Standards, Assessment and Accountability (2008). Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://www.ed.gov/admins/lead/account/saa.nt [Google Scholar]
  42. Terkel, A. (2007). Bush's 'soft bigotry of low expectations' on Katrina reconstruction. Retrieved August 31, 2008, from http://thinkprogress.org/2007/08/29/bush- education-Katrina/ [Google Scholar]
  43. Testing Companies Struggle to Meet NCLB Demands (2007, March 25). Retrieved March 29, 2007, from: http://cnn.com/2007/EDUCATION/03/25.nclb.standardized.test.ap/index.html [Google Scholar]
  44. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974, September 27). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131 [Google Scholar]
  45. Weingarten, R. (2007, October 18). Turning negative to positive. New York Teacher/City Edition. p.9 [Google Scholar]
  46. Wineburg, Sam (1997, September). T.S. Eliot, collaboration and the quandaries of assessment in a rapidly changing world. Retrieved January 21, 2008, from http://www.pdkintl.org [Google Scholar]
  47. Yerkes-Dodson law: Arousal and learning (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2008, from http://www.nwlink.com [Google Scholar]