International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 2834-7919   |  e-ISSN: 1554-5210

Original article | International Journal of Progressive Education 2021, Vol. 17(5) 364-376

English Language Teaching and Language Teacher Education in Turkey- An Evolutionary Overview

Seher Balbay & Cemile Doğan

pp. 364 - 376   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.375.23   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2104-09-0002

Published online: September 30, 2021  |   Number of Views: 441  |  Number of Download: 667


Abstract

This study provides a much-needed socio-political perspective on language teaching in Turkey and identifies key influences and orthodoxies past and present and their impact on current practices of language learning. The researchers provide a refreshing critique of successive cycles of policies and how they have variously sought to secure starting with imperial, nationalist, and contemporary populist ambitions of language teaching in the classroom and beyond. Almost 150 years of such efforts have frequently shoehorned teaching practices with inevitable consequences for language acquisition from primary education to university. Along with the contemporary educational changes before and after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, the researchers aim to shed light on the chronological records of language teacher education by drawing  parallelism between general teacher education and language teacher education in Turkey. The paper concludes with suggestions for improving our understanding of present-day challenges in a field that remains fundamental to the future of the country.

Keywords: Language Teacher Education; The Ottoman Empire; Turkish Republic Era; Language Policy in Turkey; Curriculum Reform


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Balbay, S. & Dogan, C. (2021). English Language Teaching and Language Teacher Education in Turkey- An Evolutionary Overview . International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(5), 364-376. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2021.375.23

Harvard
Balbay, S. and Dogan, C. (2021). English Language Teaching and Language Teacher Education in Turkey- An Evolutionary Overview . International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(5), pp. 364-376.

Chicago 16th edition
Balbay, Seher and Cemile Dogan (2021). "English Language Teaching and Language Teacher Education in Turkey- An Evolutionary Overview ". International Journal of Progressive Education 17 (5):364-376. doi:10.29329/ijpe.2021.375.23.

References
  1. Akşit, N. (2007). Educational reform in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 27, 129-137. [Google Scholar]
  2. Altundiş, E. (2006). İngilizce öğretmenlerinin eğitimsel kökenleri ve dil öğretiminde karşılaştıkları sorunlar (Kayseri ili örneği) (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Erciyes University, Kayseri. [Google Scholar]
  3. Apple, M. W. (2001). Markets, standards, teaching, and teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(3), 182-196. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aydın, R. (2007). Türkiye’de eğitimle ilgili yapılan bilimsel toplantılarda ve millî eğitim şuralarında ele alınan öğretmen sorunları ile millî eğitim bakanlığının politika ve uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi (1980–2004) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ankara University, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  5. Aygün, S. (2008). Türkiye’de yabancı dil eğitimi ve Avrupa dilleri ortak çerçeve programı (Unpublished master’s thesis). Beykent University, İstanbul. [Google Scholar]
  6. Balbay, S. & Pamuk, İ., Temir, T., & Doğan, C. (2018). Issues in pre-service and in-service teacher training programs for university English instructors in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 14(2), 48-60. [Google Scholar]
  7. Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. (2010). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.  [Google Scholar]
  8. Bayraktaroğlu, S. (2015). Türkiye’de yabancı dil eğitimi: Beklentiler, gerçekler, öneriler. Ankara: Öztepe Yayınevi.  [Google Scholar]
  9. Bektaş-Altıok, G.R. (2006). Türkiye’de ilköğretim okullarında etkili yabancı dil öğretimi: tarihsel gelişim ve açılımları. Unpublished master's dissertation, Yeditepe University, İstanbul. [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. NY: Addison Wesley Longman Inc.  [Google Scholar]
  11. Büyükkantarcıoğlu, N. (2004). A sociolinguistic analysis of the present dimension of English as a foreign language in Turkey. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2004(165), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2004.006 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  12. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akbaba-Altun, S. & Yıldırım, K. (2010). TALIS Uluslararası öğrenme ve öğretme araştırması Türkiye ulusal raporu [Turkey’s national report of teaching and learning international survey-TALIS]. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Dış İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü. [Google Scholar]
  13. Cephe, P. T. (2014). İngilizce öğretmeni eğitiminde yaklaşımlar ve uygulamalar. II. Ulusal Yabancı Dil Eğitimi Çalıştayı Bildirileri (8-9 Kasım 2013), Samsun: Hedef Kopyalama, s. 59-64. [Google Scholar]
  14. Coşgun-Ögeyik, M. (2016). Investigating the impacts of previous and current learning experiences on student teachers’ teaching experiences. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16(5), 1503-1530. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2016.5.0409 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Crystal, D. (2001). A dictionary of language. Chicago: Penguin Press.  [Google Scholar]
  16. Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  [Google Scholar]
  17. Çelik, Z., Boz, N., Gümüş, S., & Tastan, F. (2013). 4+4+4 eğitim reform izleme raporu. Ankara: Eğitimciler Birliği Sendikası. [Google Scholar]
  18. Çelik, Z., Gümüş, S., & Gür, B. S. (2017). Moving beyond a monotype education in Turkey: Major reforms in the last decade and challenges ahead. In Multicultural education in glocal perspectives (pp. 103-119). Springer, Singapore. [Google Scholar]
  19. Çınar, K. & Doğan, C. (2019). Türkiye, Almanya ve Finlandiya öğretmen yetiştirme sistemlerinin incelenmesi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 204-218. [Google Scholar]
  20. Değirmencioğlu S.M. (2012). Body politics and sexual education under AKP rule. In: İnal K., Akkaymak G. (Eds.), Neoliberal transformation of education in Turkey: Political and ideological analysis of educational reforms in the age of the AKP (pp. 179-190). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. [Google Scholar]
  21. Demircan, Ö. (1988). Dünden bugüne Türkiye'de yabancı dil. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. [Google Scholar]
  22. Deniz, S. & Şahin, N. (2006). The restructuring process of teacher training system in Turkey: A model of teacher training based on post-graduate education (PGCE). Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 21-26.  [Google Scholar]
  23. Dewey, J. (1929). The problem of Turkey. In J. Ratner (Ed.), Characters and events: Popular essays in social and political philosophy by John Dewey  (1), 340-345. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company [Google Scholar]
  24. Diaz, A. P., & Arıkan, A. (2016). A comparison of Argentinean and Turkish English language teacher education curricula. Sustainable Multilingualism, 9, 154-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-2027.9.7 [Google Scholar]
  25. Doğan, M. G. (2010). When neoliberalism confronts the moral economy of workers: The final spring of Turkish labor unions. European Journal of Turkish Studies, 11, 1-21. [Google Scholar]
  26. Doğan, C. (2020, December,19). Reflections from the three phases: The pre, while and post (Keynote speech presenter). Dare, Adapt and Transform, Being an ELT teacher in the 21st Century Online Zoom Conference.  [Google Scholar]
  27. Doğançay-Aktuna, S. & Kızıltepe, Z. (2005). English in Turkey. World Englishes, 24(2), 253-265. [Google Scholar]
  28. Dursunoğlu, H. (2003). Cumhuriyet döneminde ilköğretime öğretmen yetiştirmenin tarihi gelişimi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 160, 64-74. [Google Scholar]
  29. European Commission Digital Education Action Plan 2021-2027 (2020). Resetting Education and Training for the Digital Age. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/education/sites/default/files/document-library-docs/deap-communication-sept2020_en.pdf [Google Scholar]
  30. From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 6, 5 September 1780, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0067. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 10, July 1780 – December 1780, ed. Gregg L. Lint and R. A. Ryerson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 127–130.] [Google Scholar]
  31. Girgin, A. (2013). Öğretmenin ve öğretmenliğin itibarsızlaş(tırıl)ma yanılsaması. Eleştirel Pedagoji, 5(27), 71-76. [Google Scholar]
  32. Giroux, H. (2012). Education and the crisis of public values. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  33. Güngör. M. (2008). Çağının önünde koşan bir aydın: İsmayıl Hakkı Baltacıoğlu. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 54-64. [Google Scholar]
  34. Graddol, D. 1997. The future of English. London: The British Council.  [Google Scholar]
  35. Hamid, M. O., Nguyen, H. T., & Baldauf, R. B. (2013). Medium of instruction in Asia: Context, processes and outcomes. Current Issues in Language Planning, 14(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.792130 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  36. Hismanoğlu, S. (2012). Prospective EFL teachers’ views on English language teacher training program. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 1(2), 330-341.  [Google Scholar]
  37. Hu, G. English Language Education in China: Policies, Progress, and Problems. Lang Policy 4, 5–24 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-004-6561-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  38. İngilizce Öğretmenliği Programı Bulunan Tüm Üniversiteler. (n.d.). Retrieved January 07, 2021, from https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/lisans-bolum.php?b=10108 [Google Scholar]
  39. Kachru, B.B. (1990), World Englishes and applied linguistics. World Englishes, 9: 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1990.tb00683.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  40. Karakaş, A. (2012). Evaluation of the English language teacher education program in Turkey. ELT Weekly, 4(15), 1-16 Retrieved from http://abs.mehmetakif.edu.tr/upload/0633_128_yayinDosya.pdf [Google Scholar]
  41. Kartal, G. & Başol, H.Ç. (2019). Generic teacher competencies and the English language teacher education program in Turkey. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 13(2), 133-154.   [Google Scholar]
  42. Keklik, S. (2013). Yeni eğitim sistemi (4+4+4) değişikliği kapsamında Türkçe öğretmenliği lisans programının incelenmesi ve öneriler. Turkish Studies - International Periodical for The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(1), 1911-1930. [Google Scholar]
  43. Kırkgöz, Y. (2005). English language teaching in Turkey: Challenges for the 21st century. In G. Braine (Ed.), Teaching English to the world: History, curriculum, and practice (pp. 159-175). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [Google Scholar]
  44. Kırkgöz, Y. (2017). English Education Policy in Turkey. In English Language Education Policy in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 235-256). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46778-8_14 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  45. Kramsch, C., & Thorne, S. L. (2002). Foreign language learning as global communicative practice. In D. Block and D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching (pp. 83-100). London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  46. Milli eğitim bakanlığına bağlı okul öğrencilerinin kılık ve kıyafetlerine dair yönetmelikte değişiklik yapılması hakkında yönetmelik (2014, September 27). Resmi Gazete. Retrieved 17 January 2020 from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/09//20140927-8.htm [Google Scholar]
  47. Küçükoğlu, B. (2012). The history of foreign language policies in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1090–1094  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013 [Google Scholar]
  48. Nergis, A. (2011). Foreign language teacher education in Turkey: A historical overview. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15(2011), 181–185.  [Google Scholar]
  49. Nunan, D (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific region. TESOL Quarterly, 37, (4), 589–613.  [Google Scholar]
  50. OECD. (2013). What makes schools successful? Resources, policies and practices (Vol. IV). Paris: OECD. [Google Scholar]
  51. Özdemir, E.A. (2006). Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 2(1), 28-35. [Google Scholar]
  52. Pennycook, A. (1998). Education at a glance: OECD indicators 2005. Paris: OECD Publications. [Google Scholar]
  53. Seferoğlu, G. (2004). A study of alternative English teacher certification practices in Turkey. Journal of Education for Teaching, 30 (2), 151-159.  [Google Scholar]
  54. Sarıçoban, G. (2012). Foreign language policies in Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2643-48.  [Google Scholar]
  55. Selvi, A. F. (2011). World Englishes in the Turkish sociolinguistic context. World Englishes, 30(2), 182-199. [Google Scholar]
  56. Taneri, P. O. (2016). Öğretmen adaylarının pedagojik formasyon sertifika programının niteliği hakkındaki görüşleri (Çankırı İli Örneği). Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(3), 997-1014. [Google Scholar]
  57. Tezgiden-Cakcak, S. Y. (2015). Preparing teacher candidates as passive technicians, reflective practitioners or transformative intellectuals? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  58. Tezgiden-Cakcak, S. Y. (2019). Moving beyond technicism In English-language teacher education: A case study of Turkey. MN: Lexington Books. [Google Scholar]
  59. Tok, H. (2006). Avrupa birliği ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de uygulanan yabancı dil öğretimi programlarının karşılaştırılması (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). İnönü University, Malatya. [Google Scholar]
  60. Turan, S. (1997, March 24-28). John Dewey’s Report of 1924 and his recommendations on the Turkish education system revisited. Presented at The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago, IL, United States. Retrieved 24 December 2017 from files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED416159.pdf [Google Scholar]
  61. Ulum, Ö.M. (2015). EFL policy of Turkey: Past and present. International Journal of Development Research, 5(9), 5577-5580.  [Google Scholar]
  62. Yıldız, A., Ünlü, D., Alica, Z. & Sarpkaya, D. (2013). Remembering Mahmut Hoca in a neoliberal age: “I'm not a tradesman but a teacher”. Journal of Critical Education Policy Studies, 11(3), 146-163. [Google Scholar]
  63. Yaman, İ. (2018). 2006 ve 2018 İngilizce öğretmenliği lisans programları üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 76(22), 149-164.  [Google Scholar]
  64. YÖK (2018). Yeni öğretmen yetiştirme lisans programları. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/kurumsal/idari-birimler/egitim-ogretim-dairesi/yeniogretmen-yetistirme-lisans-programlari [Google Scholar]