International Journal of Progressive Education
ISSN (Print): 2834-7919 - ISSN (Online): 1554-5210

Research article    |    Open Access
International Journal of Progressive Education 2012, Vol. 8(3) 109-127

Islamophobia, conflict and citizenship

Sally Inman, Pip Mc Cormack, & Sarah Walker

pp. 109 - 127

Publish Date: October 15, 2012  |   Single/Total View: 107/431   |   Single/Total Download: 123/706

PDF Download

Abstract

This article discusses some preliminary findings of the English part of a European Commission Fundamental Rights and Citizenship funded project 'Children's Voices' (2011- 2013) concerned with exploring and understanding children and young people's experiences of interethnic conflict and violence in primary and secondary schools. This is a comparative study of England, Slovenia, Cyprus, Austria and Italy and the English focus is on Islamophobia. The research comprises a review of literature, legislation and good practice in race equality in England; a quantitative study of 8 primary schools (year 5/6) and 8 Secondary schools/sixth form centres (year 12/13) in 4 regions of England; a qualitative study of pupils and adults in 4 schools in one region and interview material from semi structured interviews with a range of 'experts' in the area. The article outlines some of the research findings from the first quantitative stage of the research. It argues that in schools with a strong citizenship ethos, where different religions are respected and where there are strong institutional processes and procedures against discriminatory practices, Islamophobia and conflict are not likely to be an issue, however, the same cannot be said for the wider society.

Keywords: Religion, Islamophobia, conflict, citizenship

How to Cite this Article?

APA 7th edition
Inman, S., Cormack, P.M., & Walker, S. (2012). Islamophobia, conflict and citizenship. International Journal of Progressive Education, 8(3), 109-127.

Harvard
Inman, S., Cormack, P. and Walker, S. (2012). Islamophobia, conflict and citizenship. International Journal of Progressive Education, 8(3), pp. 109-127.

Chicago 16th edition
Inman, Sally, Pip Mc Cormack and Sarah Walker (2012). "Islamophobia, conflict and citizenship". International Journal of Progressive Education 8 (3):109-127.

References
  1. Allen, C. (2010). An Overview of Key Islamophobia Research. National Association of Muslim Police, http://www.muslimsafetyforum.org.uk/downloads/Publications/Overview_Islamopho bia.pdf [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen, C. and Neilsen, J. (2002). Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001. Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Department of Theology, University of Birmingham on behalf of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), retrieved from http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/Synthesis-report_en.pdf [Google Scholar]
  3. Athwal, H., Bourne J. And Wood, R. (2010). Racial Violence: The Buried Issue IRR Briefing paper no. 6, Institute of Race Relations, retrieved from http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf2/IRR_Briefing_No.6.pdf [Google Scholar]
  4. British Council (2008). Inclusion and Diversity in Education Survey, retrieved from http://www.britishcouncil.org/indie-research-findings.htm [Google Scholar]
  5. Carlile, A. (2011). ‗An ethnography of permanent exclusion from school: revealing and untangling the threads of institutionalised racism.‘ Race Ethnicity and Education, 1470-109X. [Google Scholar]
  6. Cesari, J. (2006). Securitization and religious Divides in Europe: Muslims in Western Europe after 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation, Paris: Challenge, retrieved from http://www.libertysecurity.org/article1167.html [Google Scholar]
  7. Change Institute (2009). Summary Report: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities, London: Communities and Local Government, retrieved from http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1203896.pdf [Google Scholar]
  8. Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2007). „Research Methods in Education‟(6th ed), Routledge, London. [Google Scholar]
  9. Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (CBMI) (2004). Islamophobia: Issues, Challenges and Actions, Trentham Books Stoke on Trent, UK, retrieved from http://www.insted.co.uk/islambook.pdf [Google Scholar]
  10. Crozier, G. and Davies, J. (2008). ‗The trouble is they don‘t mix‘: Self segregation or enforced exclusion?‘, Race Ethnicity and Education, Vol. 11 (3). [Google Scholar]
  11. Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2006). Bullying around Racism, Religion and Culture, London: DfES., retrieved from http://www.insted.co.uk/racist-bullying- april11.pdf [Google Scholar]
  12. DfES (2007). Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review, DfES London [Google Scholar]
  13. Eslea, Mike and Mukhtar, Kafeela (2001). 'Bullying and racism among Asian schoolchildren in Britain', Educational Research, 42: 2, 207 — 217 [Google Scholar]
  14. Gillborn, D. and Rollock, N. (2010). ‗Education‘ in Bloch, A. and Solomos, J. eds Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire, UK [Google Scholar]
  15. Green, R., Collingwood, A. and Ross, A. (2010). Characteristics of Bullying Victims in Schools, National Centre for Social Research, London: DfE, retrieved from http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/660097/cd869400-39d4-4583-9eee- 98d98d8bcb04.pdf [Google Scholar]
  16. Hill, M., Graham, C., Caulfield, C., Ross, N., and Shelton, A. (2007). ‗Inter-Ethnic Relations Among Children At School: The Perspectives Of Young People In Scotland‘, European Journal Of Education, 42(2). [Google Scholar]
  17. Khattab, N. (2009). ‗Ethno-religious Background as a Determinant of Educational and Occupational Attainment in Britain‘, Sociology, 2009 43, 304. [Google Scholar]
  18. Lambert, R. and Githens-Mazar, J. (2010). Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: An Introduction to a ten year Europe-Wide research project: UK Case Studies 2010, European Muslim Research Centre and University of Essex, retrieved from http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/emrc/publications/IAMHC_revised_11Feb11.pdf [Google Scholar]
  19. The Macpherson Report (1999). Report of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, London: The Stationery Office [Google Scholar]
  20. Mc Coughlin, T (1992). Citizenship, Diversity and Education. Journal of Moral Education, 21(3). [Google Scholar]
  21. Meer, N. (2009). ‗Identity articulations, mobilization, and autonomy in the movement for Muslim schools in Britain‘, Race Ethnicity and Education Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2009, 379–399. [Google Scholar]
  22. Monks, C., Ortega-Ruiz, R. and Rodriguez-Hidalgo, R. (2008). ‗Peer Victimization In Multicultural Schools In Spain And England‘, European Journal Of Developmental Psychology, 5 (4), 507 – 535. [Google Scholar]
  23. Monks, C. and Smith, P. (2006). ‗Definitions of bullying: Age differences in understanding of the term, and the role of experience‘, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 801–821. [Google Scholar]
  24. Oliver, C. and Candappa, M. (2003). Tackling Bullying: Listening to the Views of Children and Young People, Thomas Coram Research Unit, Institute of Education University of London, Research Report No. 400, London: Department for Education [Google Scholar]
  25. Olweus, D. (1997). ‗Bully/victim problems in school: Facts and intervention‘, European Journal of Psychology of Education, Vol. XlI, 4, 495-510. [Google Scholar]
  26. Open Society Institute (2005). Muslims in the UK: Policies for engaged citizens, Budapest: OSI, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP), retrieved from http://www.soros.org/initiatives/home/articles_publications/publications/muslims_20 041122 [Google Scholar]
  27. Osler, A. (2009). ‗Citizenship education, democracy and racial justice 10 years on‘, in Race Equality Teaching, 27 (3) [Google Scholar]
  28. Parekh, B (2000). Introduction to Future of Multi Ethic Britain, London: Profile Books. Parsons, C. (2009). ‗Explaining sustained inequalities in ethnic minority school exclusions in England—passive racism in a neoliberal grip‘ Oxford Review of Education Vol. 35, No. 2, April 2009, pp. 249–265. [Google Scholar]
  29. Poynting, S. and Mason, V. (2007). ‗The resistible rise of Islamophobia Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001‘, Journal of Sociology 43(1). [Google Scholar]
  30. Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2007). The New Secondary Curriculum QCA, London retrieved from http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/citizenship%202007%20programme%20of%20study%20for%20key%20stage%203.pdf [Google Scholar]
  31. Richardson, R. (2009). ‗Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what- concepts and terms revisited‟, London: Instead, retrieved from http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim- racism.pdf [Google Scholar]
  32. The Swann Report (1985). Education for All Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. [Google Scholar]
  33. Shah, S. (2006). ‗Leading Multiethnic Schools: A New Understanding of Muslim Youth Identity‘, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 34(2), 215–237. [Google Scholar]
  34. Shaik, F. (2006). Islamophobia in the British Educational Sector? – Looking at possible implications of post- 9/11 and 7/7 educational settings for young British Muslims. Student teacher paper submitted for CitizED, retrieved from http://www.citized.info/?strand=2&r_menu=sr [Google Scholar]
  35. Shain, F. (2011). The New Folk Devils: Muslim boys and education in England. Stoke-on- Trent: Trentham Books [Google Scholar]
  36. Smith, P. and Shu, S. (2000). ‗What Good Schools can Do About Bullying: Findings from a survey in English Schools After a Decade of Research and Action‘, Childhood, 7, 193. [Google Scholar]
  37. Suleiman, Y. (2009). Contextualising Islam in Britain: Exploratory Perspective, Centre of Islamic Studies, Cambridge, retrieved from http://www.cis.cam.ac.uk/CIBPReportWeb.pdf [Google Scholar]
  38. Sweeting, H. and West, P. (2001). ‗Being different: correlates of the experience of teasing and bullying at age 11‘, Research Papers in Education 16(3). [Google Scholar]
  39. University of Primorska (2010). ‗Children‘s Voices Project Description Application to the EU Commission Annex 1‘ Unpublished. [Google Scholar]
  40. Verkuyten, M. and Thijs, J. (2002). ‗Racist victimization among children in The Netherlands: the effect of ethnic group and school‘, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(2). [Google Scholar]
  41. Watkins, C., Mauthner, M., Hewitt, R., Epstein, D. and Leonard, D. (2007). School violence, school differences and school discourses. British Educational Research Journal, 33, 1. [Google Scholar]
  42. Weller, P., Feldman, A., and Purdam K. (2001). Religious discrimination in England and Wales. Home Office Research Study 220, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, retrieved from http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/religiousdiscrimination. pdf [Google Scholar]
  43. Wolke, D. Woods, S, Stanford, K. and Schulz, H. (2001). ‗Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany: Prevalence and school factors, British Journal of Psychology, 92, 673–696. [Google Scholar]
  44. Wood, R. (2007). Children defining and experiencing racism in 21st century Britain, paper presented at CRONEM conference, University of Surrey, June 2007, retrieved from http://www3.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/cronem-conference-june2007/abstracts.htm [Google Scholar]
Meta
Vol. 8 (3)
Download
Metric
History
Related

Volume 8 Issue 3

October 2012

All Manuscript

International Journal of Progressive Education

Copyright © 2025 International Journal of Progressive Education.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. CC BY
All elements of this website were created using the BOQ™ - Intelligent Webverse System.