International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 2834-7919   |  e-ISSN: 1554-5210

Original article | International Journal of Progressive Education 2007, Vol. 3(2) 30-51

“Whole language” and moral panic in Australia

Susanne Gannon* & Wayne Sawyer

pp. 30 - 51   |  Manu. Number: ijpe.2007.008

Published online: June 15, 2007  |   Number of Views: 48  |  Number of Download: 403


Abstract

This paper examines the media and political landscapes within which “whole language” is currently constituted in Australia. Through surveying the themes and rhetoric deployed in media texts over recent years, we consider  how  “whole language” has been taken up as part of a wider media campaign around education generally. We consider how this campaign has been instrumental in constructing a moral panic around literacy education in particular. We begin with an overview of how the literacy standards of Australia's young people compare on international measures with young people elsewhere. We consider how the media has bundled  these with populist concerns about literacy pedagogy and other educational issues to create a sense of national crisis about education. We argue that the  sociological concept of "moral panic" provides a useful and systematic theoretical framework for reading these discursive tactics of the media. Finally, we examine how a National Inquiry into literacy responded to this panic by reinscribing a familiar – and unhelpful- binary between “whole language” and phonics-based instruction. In the title and in the body of the paper we keep “whole language” in quotation marks to remind the readers that use of the term in the media texts that are analysed differs widely from its usage by literacy specialists.

Keywords:


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Gannon*, S. & Sawyer, W. (2007). “Whole language” and moral panic in Australia . International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(2), 30-51.

Harvard
Gannon*, S. and Sawyer, W. (2007). “Whole language” and moral panic in Australia . International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(2), pp. 30-51.

Chicago 16th edition
Gannon*, Susanne and Wayne Sawyer (2007). "“Whole language” and moral panic in Australia ". International Journal of Progressive Education 3 (2):30-51.

References
  1. ALEA/AATE (2002) My Read: Strategies for teaching reading in the middle years. Retrieved from http://www.myread.org/ Accessed 24/11/06. [Google Scholar]
  2. Apple, M. W. (2001). Educating the "right" way: Markets, standards, God and inequality. New York and London: Routledge Falmer. [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson, V., Bowey, J., Bretherton, L., Brunsdon, R., Castles, A., Coltheart, M., Coltheart, V., Cupples, L., de Lemos, M., Fielding-Barnsley, R., Fletcher, J., Heath, S., Hogben, J., Iacono, T., Joy, P., McArthur, G., Newell, P., Nickels, L., Smith-Lock, K., Stuart, G.W., Wheldall, K., Byrne, B., Hempenstall, K., Leito, S., Pammer, K., & Prior, M. (2004, March). Reading instruction in Australian schools: An ‘open’ letter to Dr Brendan Nelson, Australian Government Minister for Education, Science and Training. Retrieved from: http://www.rrf.org.uk/the%20australian%20scene.htm. [Google Scholar]
  4. Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (nd). Programme for International Assessment (PISA) Reports. Available at http://www.ozpisa.acer.edu.au/kf_read.html. Accessed 11/11/06. [Google Scholar]
  5. Buckingham, D. (1993) Children talking television: The making of television literacy. London: The Falmer Press. [Google Scholar]
  6. Cambourne, B. (2006a). Dorothy Dix meets Slim Dusty: Politics and the framing of literacy education in Australia. In B. Doecke, M. Howie & W. Sawyer (Eds.), Only Connect: English teaching, schooling and community. (pp.120-135). Kent Town, SA, Australia: AATE/Wakefield Press. [Google Scholar]
  7. Cambourne, B. (2006b). The marketing of literacy failure in Australia: Why and how. In B. Doecke, M. Howie & W. Sawyer (Eds.), Only Connect: English teaching, schooling and community. (pp. 179-194). Kent Town, SA, Australia: AATE/Wakefield Press. [Google Scholar]
  8. Cook, D. (2001). Exchange value as pedagogy in children's leisure: Moral panics in children's culture at century's end. Leisure sciences, 23(2), 81-98 [Google Scholar]
  9. Critcher, C. (2003). Moral panics and the media. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. [Google Scholar]
  10. Davies, M. M., & Machin, D. (2000). Children’s Demon TV- reality, freedom, panic: Children’s discussions of 'The Demon Headmaster'. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 14, ( 1), 37-49. [Google Scholar]
  11. Delandshere, G. (2006). ‘Scientific’ research in disguise and the threat to a spirit of inquiry. In B. Doecke, M. Howie & W. Sawyer (Eds.), Only Connect: English teaching, schooling and community. (pp.69-82). Kent Town, SA, Australia: AATE/Wakefield Press. [Google Scholar]
  12. Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) (2005). Teaching reading: Report and recommendations. Retrieved from http://www.dest.gov.au/nitl/documents/report_recommendations.pdf 17 April 2007. [Google Scholar]
  13. Donnelly, K. (2004d). Why our schools are failing. Potts Point, Australia: Duffy and Snellgrove. [Google Scholar]
  14. Donnelly, K. (2007). Dumbing down: Outcomes based and politically correct- the impact of the culture wars on our schools. Prahran, Australia: Hardie Grant Books. [Google Scholar]
  15. Freebody, P. & Luke, A. (1990). Literacies programs: Debates and demands in cultural context. Prospect: Australian Journal of TESOL, 5(7), 7-16. [Google Scholar]
  16. Giroux, H. A. (2000). Stealing innocence: Corporate culture’s war on children. New York: Palgrave. [Google Scholar]
  17. Green, B. (1999). Curriculum, literacy and the state: Re ‘right’-ing English? Pedagogy, culture and society, 7(3), 385-407 [Google Scholar]
  18. Green, B. & Hodgens, J. (1996). Manners, morals, meanings: English teaching, language education and the subject of ‘Grammar’. In B. Green & C. Beavis (Eds.), Teaching the English subjects: Essays on curriculum history and Australian schooling, (204- 228), Geelong, Australia: Deakin University Press. [Google Scholar]
  19. Kline, S., Stewart, K. & Murphy, D. (2006). Media literacy in the risk society: Toward a risk reduction strategy. Canadian journal of education, 29(1), 131- 153. [Google Scholar]
  20. Hooley, N. (2005). Let’s be clear about student-centred learning. Education review, 15 (45), 4. [Google Scholar]
  21. Lakoff G. (2004) Don't think of an elephant! Know your values and frame the debate. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  22. Lather, P. (2004). Scientific research in education: a critical perspective 1. British educational research journal. 30(6), 759-772. [Google Scholar]
  23. Lather, P. & Moss, P. (2005) Introduction: Implications of the Scientific Research in Education Report for Qualitative Inquiry. Teachers College Record, 107(1), 1- 3. [Google Scholar]
  24. Lokan, J., Greenwood, L., & Cresswell, J. (2001.) How literate are Australia’s students?: The PISA 2000 survey of students’ reading, mathematical and scientific literacy skills. Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia: ACER. Retrieved November, 11, 2006, from http://www.pisa.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/35/33683381.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  25. Luke, A. (2005) Evidence-based state literacy policy: A critical alternative. In N. [Google Scholar]
  26. Bascia, A. Cumming, K. Leithwood & D. Livingstone (Eds.), International Handbook of Educational Policy (pp. 661-677). Dordrecht: Springer. [Google Scholar]
  27. Luke, A., & Freebody, P. (1999a). Further notes on the Four Resources model. Reading Online. Retrieved November, 16, 2006, from www.readingonline.org. [Google Scholar]
  28. Luke, A., & Freebody, P. (1999b). A map of possible practices: Further notes on the four resources model. Practically Primary, 4(2), 5-8. [Google Scholar]
  29. Luke, A., & Kapitzke, C. (1999). Literacies and libraries: Archives and cybraries. Pedagogy, culture and society, 7 (3), 467-491. [Google Scholar]
  30. Marsh, J. (2000). Teletubby tales: popular culture in the early years language and literacy curriculum. Contemporary issues in early childhood. 1(2), 119-133. [Google Scholar]
  31. McGaw, B. (2006). Achieving quality and equity education. Lecture to Melbourne Education Research Institute. Retrieved March 29, 2007 from http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/events/2006events/BarryMcGaw_prese ntation_Aug06.pdf [Google Scholar]
  32. OECD. (2006). Are Students Ready for a Technology-Rich World? What PISA Studies Tell Us. Paris: OECD Publications. Retrieved January, 6, 2007 from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/4/35995145.pdf [Google Scholar]
  33. Ryan, C. & Watson, L. (2004). The Drift to Private Schools in Australia: Understanding its Features. Discussion paper 479. Canberra: Australian National University, Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved January, 6, 2007 from http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/42681/1/DP479.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  34. Sanacore, J. (2007). Needed: Critics of literacy education with a more inclusive perspective. International journal of progressive education. 3(1), 1-28. Retrieved January, 6, 2007 from http://inased.org/v3n1/sanacore.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  35. Sawyer, W. (1999). Literacy in Australia: the facts. Sydney: Australian Education Network. [Google Scholar]
  36. Sawyer, W. (2006). Just add ‘progressivism’ and stir: How we cook up literacy crises in Australia. In B. Doecke, M. Howie & W. Sawyer (Eds.) Only Connect: English teaching, schooling and community (pp. 236-262). Kent Town, SA, Australia: AATE/Wakefield Press. [Google Scholar]
  37. Thompson, K. (1998) Moral panics. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  38. Thomson, S., Cresswell, J., and de Bortoli, L. (2004) Facing the future: A focus on mathematical literacy among Australian 15-year-old students in PISA 2003. Camberwell, Melbourne: Australian Centre for Educational Research. Retrieved November, 11, 2006 from http://www.pisa.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/36/34624327.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  39. Thurlow, C. (2006) From statistical panic to moral panic: The metadiscursive construction and popular exaggeration of new media language in the print media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(3), article 1. Retrieved December, 12, 2006 from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue3/thurlow.html. [Google Scholar]
  40. Vinson, T. (2007) Dropping off the edge: The distribution of disadvantage in Australia. Catholic Social Services Australia/ Jesuit Social Services. [Google Scholar]
  41. Wilkinson, A. (1986). The quality of writing. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. [Google Scholar]