International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 2834-7919   |  e-ISSN: 1554-5210

Original article | International Journal of Progressive Education 2022, Vol. 18(2) 136-153

The Relationship Between Resilience Degree and Perceived Parental Relationship, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Personality Traits in the Emerging Adulthood

Lerzan Yılmaz & Özlem Tolan

pp. 136 - 153   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.431.9   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2112-27-0002

Published online: April 01, 2022  |   Number of Views: 145  |  Number of Download: 382


Abstract

This study examines the relationships between resilience level and perceived parental relationship, cognitive emotion regulation, and personality traits in emerging adulthood. The sample of the research consists of undergraduate students whose age range is 18-25. The study was conducted with 609 people, 317 (52%) female and 292 (48%) male students. Resilience Scale (RS), The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Big Five Inventory (BFI) and Demographic Information Form were applied to the participants. One-way ANOVA analysis, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Analysis and Hierarchical Linear Regression analysis were used to analyse the data. In the study, resilience mean scores of female students were found to be higher than male students. A positive relationship was found between the resilience scores of university students and their perceived parental relationship scores. A significant negative relationship was found with self-blame, which is the sub-dimension of cognitive emotion regulation. A positive and significant relationship was found with the other sub-dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation, respectively; acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, re-focus on the plan, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, other-blame and catastrophising. At the same time, a significant positive correlation was found between resilience scores and personality traits dimensions. According to the hierarchical regression analysis findings, it was concluded that perceived parental relationship, especially perceived father relationship, the catastrophising sub-dimension of cognitive emotion regulation, and personality traits predicted resilience. The study findings were discussed according to the relevant field, and recommendations were presented.

Keywords: Resilience, Perceived Parental Relationship, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Personality


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Yilmaz, L. & Tolan, O. (2022). The Relationship Between Resilience Degree and Perceived Parental Relationship, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Personality Traits in the Emerging Adulthood . International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(2), 136-153. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2022.431.9

Harvard
Yilmaz, L. and Tolan, O. (2022). The Relationship Between Resilience Degree and Perceived Parental Relationship, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Personality Traits in the Emerging Adulthood . International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(2), pp. 136-153.

Chicago 16th edition
Yilmaz, Lerzan and Ozlem Tolan (2022). "The Relationship Between Resilience Degree and Perceived Parental Relationship, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Personality Traits in the Emerging Adulthood ". International Journal of Progressive Education 18 (2):136-153. doi:10.29329/ijpe.2022.431.9.

References
  1. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion- regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009 .11.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Akyunus-İnce, M. (2012). Cognitive aspects of personality disorders: Influences of basic personality traits, Cognitive emotion regulation, and interpersonal problems.(Doctoraldissertation). METU, Social Science Institute, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnett, J.J. (2004). Emerging adulthood. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bardeen, J. R., Tull, M. T., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Stevens, E. N., Gratz, K. L. (2015). Attentional control as a moderator of the relationship between difficulties accessing effective emotion regulation strategies and distress tolerance. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9433-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  5. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1964). 'The relationship inventory:  Forms OS-M-64, 0s-F-64 and MO-M-64 plu MO-FW. Unpublished manuscript. University of New England, Australia,  [Google Scholar]
  6. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (2015).The relationship inventory: A complete resource and guide. Wiley-Blackwell. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bauman, S. S. M. (2002. ‘Fostering resilience in children. In C.L. Juntunen and D.R. Atkinson ( Eds.),  Counseling across the Lifespan. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sagem [Google Scholar]
  8. Baumrind, D. (1996). The Discipline Controversy revisited. Family relations: An interdisciplinary. Journal of Applied Family Studies, 45(4), 405–414.https://doi.org/10.2307/585170 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  9. Bell, K. L. & Calkins, S. D. (2000). Relationships as inputs and outputs of emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 160–163.https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1103_04 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Benet-Martinez V. & John, P. O. (1998). Los cinco grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait multimethod analyses of the big five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (3), 729-750. [Google Scholar]
  11. Bezmez, S., Blakney, R. & Brown, C. H. (1999). English-Turkish/Turkish-English- RedhouseDictionary. Istanbul: Sev Publisher (Redhouse). [Google Scholar]
  12. Birtek, D. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde toplumsal kaygı belirti düzeyinin kişilik özellikleri, stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme biçimleri açısından incelenmesi .(Master’s Thesis). Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. [Google Scholar]
  13. Brooks, J. E. (1994). Children at risk fostering resilience and hope. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 64 (4), 545-553. [Google Scholar]
  14. Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. & Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: Evidence of an environmental effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 809–817. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.x  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Burger, J. M. (2006). Kişilik (Personality). Çeviren: Sarıoğlu, I.D., İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
  16. Bradshaw, S. (2014). Engendering development and disasters. Disasters, 39(1), 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12111. [Google Scholar]
  17. Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L. & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 585–599. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  18. Calkins, S. D. & Johnson, M. C. (1998). Toddler regulation of distress to frustrating events: Temperamental and maternal correlates. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 379–395. [Google Scholar]
  19. Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S. & Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention and Treatment, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 5(1), 15.http://content.apa.org/journals/pre/5/1/ [Google Scholar]
  20. Carbonell, D., Reinherz H., Giaconia R., Stashwick C., Paradis A. & Beardslee W. (2002). Adolescent protective factors promoting resilience in young adults at risk for depression. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 19, 5. [Google Scholar]
  21. Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A. & Armenta, B. E. (2010). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 116–124. doi:10.1177/0165025410375921 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  22. Çetin, F.,Yeloğlu, H. O. & Basım, H., N. (2015). Psikolojik dayanıklılığın açıklanmasında beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinin rolü: Bir kanonik ilişki analizi, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 30(75),81-95. [Google Scholar]
  23. Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K. & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (73-100). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [Google Scholar]
  24. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. [Google Scholar]
  25. Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q, Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A. & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76(5), 1055 –1071. [Google Scholar]
  26. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A. & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of  emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241–273. [Google Scholar]
  27. Erarslan, Ö. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlık ile depresif belirtiler ve yaşam memnuniyeti arasındaki ilişkide benlik saygısı, pozitif dünya görüşü ve umudun aracı rolünün incelenmesi. (Master‘ s Thesis). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  28. Farrant, B. M., Devine, T. A. J., Maybery, M. T. & Fletcher, J. (2012). Empathy, perspective taking and prosocial behaviour: The importance of parenting practices. Infant and Child Development, 21(2),175–188. [Google Scholar]
  29. Fergusson, M. D. & Horwood, L. J. (2003). Resilience to childhood adversity: Results of a 21-year study. In S. S. Luthar (Eds), Resilience and vulnerability adaptation in the context of childhood Adversitie (pp.130-155). New York, Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  30. Fiona M. (2011). Resilience concept factors and models for pactice. Briefing prepared for the Scottish child care and protection network (SCCPN).  Brigid Daniel, Professor of Social Work, University of Stirling. [Google Scholar]
  31. Folkman, S. & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774.  [Google Scholar]
  32. Fox, N. A. & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences.Motivation and Emotion, 27(1),7–26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023622324898 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Halberstadt, A. G. & Eaton, K. L. (2003). A meta-analysis of family expressiveness and children's emotion expressiveness and understanding. Marriage & Family Review, 34(1-2), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v34n01_03 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  34. Hampel, P. & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34 (2), 73-83. [Google Scholar]
  35. Heyman, G. D., & Legare, C. H. (2004). Children’s beliefs about gender diffrencesin the academic and social domains. Sex Roles, 50(3/4), 227-39. [Google Scholar]
  36. Garmezy, N. (1983). Stressors of childhood. In N. Garmezy, M. Rutter (Eds.) & Ctr for advanced study in the behavioral sciences, Inc, Stress, coping, and development in children (pp. 43–84). Johns Hopkins University Press. [Google Scholar]
  37. Garmezy, N, Masten A. S. & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children. Child Development, 55, 97-111. [Google Scholar]
  38. Garmezy, N. G. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34 (4), 416-430. [Google Scholar]
  39. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1311–1327. [Google Scholar]
  40. Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. (2002). CERQ: Manual for the use of the cognitive emotion regulation Questionnaire, DATEC. Leiden University, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  41. Gizir, C. A. (2004). Academic resilience: An investigation of protective factors contributing to the academic achievement of eighth grade students in poverty. (Doctoral Dissertation) METU Social Science Institute, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  42. Goldstein, S., & Brooks, R. B. (2013). Why study resilience? In S. Goldstein and R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 3–14). Boston: Springer US. doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_1. [Google Scholar]
  43. Gooding, P. A., Hurst, A., Johnson, J. & Tarrier, N. (2012). Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 262- 270. [Google Scholar]
  44. Gordon, S. L. (1989). The Socialization of children's emotions: Emotional culture, competence, and exposure. In C. I. Saarni and P. Harris (Eds.), Children's Understanding of Emotion İçinde. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. [Google Scholar]
  45. Gürcan, D. (2015). Perceived Parental Relationship, Self-Discrepancy, and Personality Characteristics in Relation to Psychological well-being. Doctoral Dissertation. (Doctoral Dissertation) METU Social Science Institute, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  46. Gürgan, U. (2006). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık düzeylerine göre incelenmesi. (Doctoral Dissertation). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  47. Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  48. Gresham, D. & Gullone, E. (2012). Emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: The Explanatory Roles of Personality and Attachment. Personality and Individual Differences, 52 (5), 616-621. [Google Scholar]
  49. Johns, K., Chavers, D.J. & Labbé, E. (2013). Neuroticism and resilience: evaluating mindfulness as a mediator. In Psychology of neuroticism (Chapter 3). Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/gasouthern/detail.action?docID=10742779 [Google Scholar]
  50. Jordan, J. V. (2013). Relational resilience in girls. In S. Goldstein and R. Brooks (Eds.). Handbook of resilience in children (73–86).  New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. [Google Scholar]
  51. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1981). Türkiye’de çocuğun değeri, kadının rolü ve doğurganlığı , 83-84..Value of the Child, women’s role and fertility in Turkey. Abadan Unat, (Ed.) Türk Toplumunda Kadın İçinde (83-84).  [Google Scholar]
  52. Kay, S. A. (2016). Emotion regulation and resilience: Overlooked connections. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(02), 411–415. doi:10.1017/iop.2016.31 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  53. Lee, J. H., Nam, S. K., Kim, A., Kim, B., Lee, M. Y.& Lee, S. M. (2013). Resilience: A meta-analytic approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(3), 269- 279. [Google Scholar]
  54. Lee J. H., Seo M., Lee M., Park S. Y., Lee J. H. & Lee S. M. (2016). Profiles of Coping strategies in resilient adolescents. Psychological Reports, 120(1), 49–69. doi:10.1177/0033294116677947 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  55. Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Hand book of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development (vol. 4, pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley. Mahalihali, K. (2006). Family Influences on the Development of Child’s Behavior. Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 5.  [Google Scholar]
  56. Masten, A. S. (2004). Regulatory processes, risk, and resilience in adolescent development. Ann N Y Acad. Sci. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.036. PMID: 15251901. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  57. Masten, A. S. & Monn, A. R. (2015). Child and family resilience: A call for integrated science, Practice, and Professional Training. Family Relations, 64,5–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12103 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  58. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. [Google Scholar]
  59. Masten, A. S. & Powell, J. L. (2003). A resilience framework for research, policy, and practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (p. 1–25). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615788.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  60. McDowell, J. J. (1988). Matching theory in natural environments. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 95–109. [Google Scholar]
  61. McDowell, D. J. & Parke, R. D. (2000). Differential Knowledge of display rules for positive and negative emotions: Influences from parents, influences on peers. Social Development, 9(4), 415–432.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00136  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  62. McCrae, R. R. & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  63. Mestre, J. M., Núñez-Lozano J. M., Gómez-Molinero1, R., Zayas1, A. & Guil R. (2017). Emotion regulation ability and resilience in a sample of adolescents from a Suburban Area. Frontiers in Psychology, 8 (1980). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01980 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  64. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. & Guarino, A. J. (2013). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications : London. [Google Scholar]
  65. Min, J. A., Yu, J. J., Lee, C. U. & Chae, J. H. (2013).  Cognitive emotion regulation strategies Contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 54, 1190–1197. [Google Scholar]
  66. Mohammed, A. A. & Mostafa, A. A. (2015). Five factor personality traits and psychological resilience among secondary school students in Egypt. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 4 (2),3-9. [Google Scholar]
  67. Nair, N., Taylor, Z. E., Evich, C. D. & Jones, B. L. (2020). Relations of positive parenting, effortful control, and resilience in rural Midwestern Latinx early adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 113, 105003. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  68. Johns, K., Chavers, D. J. & Labbé, E. (2013). Neuroticism and resilience: evaluating mindfulness as a mediator. In Psychology of neuroticism (Chapter 3). Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/gasouthern/detail. action?docID=10742779 [Google Scholar]
  69. Onat, O. & Otrar, M. (2010) . Bilişsel duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31, 123-143. [Google Scholar]
  70. Oshio, A., Taku, K., Hirano, M. & Saeed, G. (2018). Resilience and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54–60. [Google Scholar]
  71. Schultz, D., Izard, C. E., Ackerman, B. P. & Youngstrom, E. A. (2001). Emotion knowledge in economically disadvantaged children: Self-regulatory antecedents and relations to social difficulties and withdrawal. Development & Psychopathology, 13, 53–67. [Google Scholar]
  72. Sheridan, S. M., Eagle, J. W. & Dowd, S. E. (2005). Families as contexts for children’s adaptation. In S. Goldstein and R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (p. 165–179). Boston: Springer. doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48572-9_11. [Google Scholar]
  73. Räty, H., Kasanen, K. & Rautiainen, R. (2013). Educational resilience from parental perspective. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 4(1). doi:10.5539/jedp.v4n1p1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  74. Räty, H., Kasanen, K. & Kärkkäinen, R. (2006). School subjects as social categorisations. Social Psychology of Education, 9, 5-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-005-2439-6 [Google Scholar]
  75. Rytkönen, K., Nurmi, J. & Aunola, K. (2005). Parents’ causal attributions concerning their children’s school achievement: A longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 51, 494-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2005.0027 [Google Scholar]
  76. Riolli, L., Savicki, V. &  Cepani, A. (2002). Resilience in the face of catastrophe: Optimism, personality, and coping in the Kosovo Crisis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(8), 1604–1627. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02765.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  77. Rohner, R. P. (2000). The Warmth dimension: The foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Storrs, Connecticut: Rohner Research Publications. [Google Scholar]
  78. Rutter, M. (2006). The Promotion of resilience in the face of adversity. In A. Clarke-Stewart and J. Dunn (Eds.), The Jacobs Foundation series on adolescence. Families count: Effects on child and adolescent development (p. 26–52). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616259.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  79. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331. [Google Scholar]
  80. Paulson, D. S. (2007).Handbook of regression and modeling. Florida: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2007. [Google Scholar]
  81. Sarubin, N., Wolf, M., Giegling, I., Hilbert, S., Naumann, F., Gutt, D. & Padberg, F. (2015). Neuroticism and extraversion as mediators between positive/negative life events and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 193–198. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.028 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  82. Sheridan, S. M., Eagle, J. W. & Dowd, S. E. (2005). Families as contexts for children’s adaptation. In S. Goldstein and R. B. Brooks (Eds.),  Handbook of resilience in children  ( p.165–179). Boston: Springer. doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48572-9_11 [Google Scholar]
  83. Sümer, N. & Sümer, H. C. (2005). Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ölçeği (Yayınlanmamış Çalışma). [Google Scholar]
  84. Svendsen, S., Griffin, J. & Forkey, H. (2020). Using the attachment relationship and positive parenting principles to build childhood resilience. Advances Pediatr, 67, 15-28. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2020.04.004. PMID: 32591059. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  85. Quinton, D. (2004). Parenting support. Chichester: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  86. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Google Scholar]
  87. Tozer, K., Tzemis, D., Amlani, A., Coser, L., Taylor, D., Van Borek, N. & Buxton, J. A. (2015). Reorienting risk to resilience: street-involved youth perspectives on preventing the transition to injection drug use. BMC Public Health, 15(1). [Google Scholar]
  88. Troy, A. S. & Mauss, I. B. (2011). Resilience in the face of stress: Emotion regulation ability as a protective factor. In S. Southwick, D. Chamey, M. Friedmanve B. Litz (Eds.), Resilience to stress  (p. 30-44). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  89. Truffino, J. C (2010). Resilience: An approach to the concept. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 3(4), 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2010.09.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  90. Tugade, M. M. and Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311–333. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4. [Google Scholar]
  91. Werner, E. E. (1989). High-Risk Children in Young Adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 Years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01636.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  92. Werner, E.E. & Smith, R.S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience and recovery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. [Google Scholar]
  93. Werner, E. E. (2005). What can we learn about resilience from large- scale longitudinal studies In S. Goldstein and R. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (p.91 - 106). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  94. Yalım, D. (2007). First year college adjustment: The role of coping, ego-resiliency, optimism and gender. (Master Thesis). METU Social Science Institute, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  95. Yorke, M. (2000). Smoothing the transition into higher education: What can be learned from student non-completion? Journal of Institutional Research, 9(1), 35-47. [Google Scholar]
  96. Zakeri, H., Jowkar, B. & Razmjoee, M. (2010). Parenting styles and resilience.  Procedia – social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1067-1070. [Google Scholar]
  97. Zeman, J., Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., Stegall, S. (2006). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 155–168. [Google Scholar]