- Ahnert, L., Rickert, H., & Lamb, M. (2000). Shared caregiving: Comparisons between home and child-care settings. Developmental Psychology, 36, 339-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.339 [Google Scholar]
- Amato, P. R. (1986). Father involvement and the self-esteem of children and adolescents. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 7, 6-16. [Google Scholar]
- Anxo, D., Flood, L., Mencarini, L., Pailhé, A., Solaz, A., & Tanturri, M. L. (2007). Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle: A comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States. IZA DP No. 3193, Discussion Paper Series, Retrieved February 7, 2019, from http://ftp.iza.org/dp3193.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Baxter, J. (2010). An exploration of the timing and nature of parental time with 4-5 year olds using Australian children’s time use data. Australian Institute of Family Studies, 45, 1-18. [Google Scholar]
- Baydar, N., Greek, A., & Gritz, R. M. (1999). Young mothers’ time spent at work and time spent caring for children. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 20, 61-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022167930544 [Google Scholar]
- Belle, D. (1999). The after–school lives of children: Alone and with others while parents work. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. [Google Scholar]
- Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37(4), 401–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0001 [Google Scholar]
- Biller, H. B. (1993). Fathers and families: Paternal factors in child development. Westport, CT: Auborn House. [Google Scholar]
- Biller, H. B., & Solomon, R. S. (1986). Child maltreatment and paternal deprivation. Lexington, MA: Heath. [Google Scholar]
- Bloemen, H. G., & Stancanelli, E. G. F. (2008). How do parents allocate time? The effects of wages and income. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 3679, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2008092935 [Google Scholar]
- Bloemen, H. G., Pasqua S., & Stancanelli E. G. F. (2008). An empirical analysis of the time allocation of Italian couples: Are Italian men irresponsive? IZA Discussion Papers 3823, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Retrieved February 11, 2019, from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/35323/1/585910383.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J. E. (1998). The 1997 national study of the changing workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute. [Google Scholar]
- Booth, C. L., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., Vandell, D. L., McCartney, K., & Owen, M. T. (2002). Child-care usage and mother - infant “quality time.” Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 16-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00016.x [Google Scholar]
- Brazelton, T. B., & Cramer, B. G. (1990). The earliest relationship: Parents, infants, and the drama of early attachment. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. [Google Scholar]
- Britner, P. A., & Reppucci, N. D. (1997). Prevention of child maltreatment: Evaluation of a parent education program for teen mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 6(2), 165-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025046623650 [Google Scholar]
- Brooks-Gunn, J., Han, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Maternal employment and the child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 73, 1052-1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00457 [Google Scholar]
- Broom, B. L. (1998). Parental sensitivity to infants and toddlers in dual-earner and single-earner families. Nursing Research, 47, 162-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199805000-00007 [Google Scholar]
- Brown, B. V., Michelsen, E. A., Halle, T. G., & Moore, K. A. (2001). Fathers’ activities with their kids. Washington, D. C.: Child Trends Research Brief. [Google Scholar]
- Bryant, W. K. (1992). Human capital, time use, and other family behavior. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 13, 395-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018921 [Google Scholar]
- Bryant, W. K., & Zick, C. D. (1996). An examination of parent-child shared time. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353391 [Google Scholar]
- Bunting, L. (2004). Parenting programmes: The best available evidence. Child Care in Practice, 10(4), 327-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357527042000285510 [Google Scholar]
- Burda, M. C., Hamermesh, D. S., & Weil, P. (2006). The distribution of total work in the EU and US. IZA Discussion Papers 2270, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Retrieved February 7, 2019, from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/34151/1/516439367.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Business Week. (1977). When mothers are also managers, 155-158. [Google Scholar]
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak K. E., Akgün Ö. E, Karadeniz Ş., & Demirel, F. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. [Google Scholar]
- Christensen, P. H. (2002). Why more ‘quality time’ is not on the top of children’s lists: The ‘qualities of time’ for children. Children & Society, 16(2), 77-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chi.709 [Google Scholar]
- Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2010). Research methods, design and analysis (11th Edition) Boston. MA : Allyn & Bacon. [Google Scholar]
- Clarke-Stewart, K. A., Gruber, C. P., & Fitzgerald, L. M. (1994). Children at home and in day care. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]
- Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2007). Spousal influences on parents’ non-market time choices. IZA Discussion Papers 2894, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Retrieved February 7, 2019, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.420.7059&rep=rep1& type=pdf [Google Scholar]
- Cook, G. A., Roggman, L. A., & Boyce, L. K. (2011). Fathers’ and mothers’ cognitive stimulation in early play with toddlers: Predictors of 5th grade reading and math. Family Science, 2(2), 131-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2011.640559 [Google Scholar]
- Craig, L. (2006). Parental education, time in paid work and time with children: An Australian time-diary analysis, The British Journal of Sociology, 57(4), 553-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00125.x [Google Scholar]
- Craig, L., & Bittman, M. (2008). The incremental time costs of children: An analysis of children’s impact on adult time use in Australia, Feminist Economics, 14(2), P. 59-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700701880999 [Google Scholar]
- Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & Research design: Choosing among the five approaches (pp. 77-83). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. [Google Scholar]
- Crockenberg, S., & Litman, C. (1991). Effects of maternal employment on maternal and two-year-old child behavior. Child Development, 62, 930-953. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131144 [Google Scholar]
- Çağdaş, A. (2002). Anne - baba - çocuk iletişimi [Parent-child communication]. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. [Google Scholar]
- Çağdaş, A., & Seçer, Z. Ş. (2010). Anne-baba eğitimi. (4. Baskı). [Parent education. (4th Edition)]. Ankara: Kök Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
- Dawson, G., & Ashman, S. B. (2000). On the origins of a vulnerability to depression: The influence of the early social environment on the development of psychobiological systems related to risk for affective disorder. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), The effects of adversity on neurobehavioral development: Minnesota symposia on child psychology (pp. 245–278). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. [Google Scholar]
- Dempsey, K. (2000). Men’s share of child care: A rural and urban comparison. Journal of Family Studies, 6, 245-266. [Google Scholar]
- Easterbrooks, M. A., & Goldberg, W. A. (1985). Effects of early maternal employment on toddlers, mothers and fathers. Developmental Psychology, 21, 774-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.5.774 [Google Scholar]
- Easterbrooks, M. A., & Goldberg, W. A. (1990). Security of toddler–parent attachment: Relation to children’s sociopersonality functioning during kindergarten. In M. T. Greenberg (Ed.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 221-244). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [Google Scholar]
- Erdoğan, İ. (1998). Araştırma dizaynı ve istatistik yöntemleri [Research design and statistical methods]. Ankara: Emel Matbaası. [Google Scholar]
- Eryaman, M. Y. (2007). From reflective practice to practical wisdom: Toward a post-foundational teacher education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(1), 87-107. [Google Scholar]
- Galinsky, E. (1999). Ask the children: What America’s children really think about working parents. New York: William Morrow. [Google Scholar]
- Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., & Molina, J. A. (2013). Parents’education as a determinant of educational childcare time. Journal of Population Economics, 26, 719-749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-012-0443-7 [Google Scholar]
- Gutierrez-Domenech, M. (2008). Parental employment and time with children in Spain, La Caixa, Working Paper No. 1. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1013275 [Google Scholar]
- Han, W., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2001). The effects of early maternal employment on later cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 336-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00336.x [Google Scholar]
- Harvey, E. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology, 35, 445 – 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.445 [Google Scholar]
- Hill, R. C., & Stafford, F. P. (1980). Parental care of children: Time diary estimates of quantity, predictability, and variety. Journal of Human Resources, 15, 219-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145332 [Google Scholar]
- Hill, C. R., & Stafford, F. P. (1985). Parental care of children: Time diary estimates of quantity, predictability, and variety. In F. T. Juster & F. P. Stafford (Eds.), Time, goods and well-being (pp. 415-438). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research. [Google Scholar]
- Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking. [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman, L. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in the two parent family, American Psychologist, 44, 283-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.283 [Google Scholar]
- Ichino, A. & Sanz de Galdeano, A. (2004). Reconciling motherhood and work: Evidence form time use data in three countries, CSEF Working Papers 114, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy. [Google Scholar]
- Kalenkoski, C. M., Ribar, D. C., & Stratton, L. (2005). Parental child care in single parent, cohabiting, and married couple families: Time diary evidence from the United Kingdom, American Economic Review, 95, 194-198. [Google Scholar]
- Kalenkoski, C. M., Ribar, D. C., & Stratton, L. (2008). The influence of wages on parents’ time allocation of time to child care and market work in the United Kingdom, Journal of Population Economics, 22(2), 399-419. [Google Scholar]
- Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi, kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. (23. Basım). [Scientific research method, concepts, principles, techniques. (23rd Edition).] Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
- Kaya, Ö. (1994). Annelere verilen eğitimin çocuklarına karşı istenmedik tutumlarına etkisi [Effect of mothers’ training on their undesired attitudes towards their children]. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
- Labrell, F. (1996). Paternal play with toddlers: Recreation and creation. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 11, 43-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03172935 [Google Scholar]
- Lamb, M. E. (2004). The role of the father in child development. (4th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley. [Google Scholar]
- Lerner, R. M., Rothbaum, F., Boulos, S., & Castellino, D. R. (2002). Developmental systems perspective on parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 315–344). (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]
- Mancini, A. L., & Pasqua, S. (2012). Asymmetries and interdependencies in time use between Italian spouses. Applied Economics, 44(32), 4153-4171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.587782 [Google Scholar]
- Mencarini, L., & Tanturri, M. L. (2004). Time use, family role-set and childbearing among Italian working women. Genus, 60(1), 111-137. [Google Scholar]
- Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge: Kegan Paul. [Google Scholar]
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis-An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Milkie, M. A., Mattingly, M. J., Nomaguchi, K. M., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). The time squeeze: Parental statuses and feelings about time with children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 739-761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00050.x [Google Scholar]
- National Scientific Council on the Developing Child (2004). Young children develop in an environment of relationships: Working Paper No. 1. Retrieved February 11, 2019, from www. developingchild.harvard.edu. [Google Scholar]
- NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Child care and mother-child interaction in the first three years of life. Developmental Psychology, 35(6), 1399-1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1399 [Google Scholar]
- NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2003). Does amount of time spent in child care predict socioemotional adjustment during the transition to kindergarten? Child Development, 74, 976-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00582 [Google Scholar]
- Nock, S. L., & Kingston, P. W. (1988). Time with children: The impact of couples’ work-time commitments. Social Forces, 67(1), 59-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/67.1.59 [Google Scholar]
- Nock, S. L., & Kingston, P. W. (1989). The division of leisure and work. Social Science Quarterly, 70, 24-39. [Google Scholar]
- Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (1988). Maternal employment and the transition to parenthood. In A. E. Gottfried & A. W. Gottfried (Ed.), Maternal employment and children’s development: Longitudinal research (pp. 85 – 119). New York: Plenum. [Google Scholar]
- Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father-child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47, 193-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000078723 [Google Scholar]
- Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Radin, N. (1982). Primary caregiving and role-sharing fathers of preschoolers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), Nontraditional families: Parenting and child development (pp. 173-204). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]
- Rachlin, V. C. (1987). Fair vs. equal role relations in dual-career and dual-earner families: Implications for family interventions. Journal of Applied Family and Child Studies, 36, 187–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/583952 [Google Scholar]
- Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. A. (2009). The rug rat race (Brookings Papers on Economic Activity No.41). Washington, DC: Economic Studies Program, Brookings Institution. [Google Scholar]
- Reid, J. M., Webster-Stratton, C., & Baydar, N. (2004). Halting the development of conduct problems in Head Start Children: The effects of parent training. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2) 279-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_10 [Google Scholar]
- Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Rushing, C., Powell, L. (2014). Family dynamics of the stay-at-home father and working mother relationship. American Journal of Men’s Health, 9, 410-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314549414 [Google Scholar]
- Sandberg, J. F. & Hoffert, S. L. (2001). Changes in children’s time with parents: United States, 1981-1997. Demography, 38(3), 423-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0031 [Google Scholar]
- Saygılı, S. (2008). Ruhen ve bedenen sağlıklı çocuk yetiştirmek. (1. Baskı). [To raise a physically and mentally healthy child. (1st Edition).] İstanbul: Hayat Yayıcılık. [Google Scholar]
- Semerci, B. (2009). Birlikte büyütelim, Çocuk ruh sağlığı. (1. Basım). [Let's raise together, Child mental health. (1st Edition).] İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
- Spock, B. (1998). Dr. Spock’s baby and child care (Revised, 7th Ed.). New York: Pocket Books. [Google Scholar]
- Stifter, C. A., Coulehan, C. M., & Fish, M. (1993). Linking employment to attachment: The mediating effects of maternal separation anxiety and interactive behavior. Child Development, 64, 1451-1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131545 [Google Scholar]
- Snyder, K. A. (2007). A vocabulary of motives: understanding how parents define quality time. Journal of Marriage and Family 69(2), 320-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00368.x [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, R. A. (1998). Early sociopersonality development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 25–104). New York: Wiley. [Google Scholar]
- Timmer, S. G., Eccles, J., & O’Brien, K. (1985). How children use time. In F. T. Juster & F. P. Stafford (Eds.), Time, goods, and well-being (pp. 353-382). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research. [Google Scholar]
- Tronick, E. Z., & Beeghly, M. (2011). Infants’ meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. American Psychologist, 66(2), 107-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021631 [Google Scholar]
- Türkoğlu, B., Çeliköz, N., & Uslu, M. (2013). 3-6 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan babaların nitelikli zaman algılarına dair görüşleri [Fathers’ views about perceptions of quality time with their children between the ages of 3-6]. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 54-71. [Google Scholar]
- Türnüklü, A. (2000). Eğitimbilim araştırmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabilecek nitel bir araştırma tekniği: Görüşme [A qualitative research technique that can be used effectively in pedagogy research: Interview]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 24, 543-559. [Google Scholar]
- Ülgen, G., & Fidan, E. (2003). Çocuk gelişimi [Child development]. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi. [Google Scholar]
- Vaizoğlu, F. (2008). Anaokuluna devam eden çocukların sosyal davranışları ile ebeveynlerin evlilik uyumlarının incelenmesi [Investigation of the social behaviors of children attending kindergarten and parents’ marital adjustment]. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
- Waldfogel, J., Han, W., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). The effects of early maternal employment on child development. Demography, 39, 369-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0021 [Google Scholar]
- De Wolff, M. S., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x [Google Scholar]
- Yavuzer, H. (2010). Yaygın anne-baba tutumları: Ana-baba okulu [Common parental attitudes: Parent school]. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. [Google Scholar]
- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (8. Basım). [Qualitative research methods in social sciences. (8th Edition)]. Ankara: Seçkin. [Google Scholar]
- Zaslow, M. J., Pederson, F. A., Suwalsky, J. T. D., Cain, R. L., & Fivel, M. (1985). The early resumption of employment by mothers: Implications for parent - infant interaction. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 6(1), 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(85)90012-7 [Google Scholar]
- Zick, C. D., Bryant, W. K., & Österbacka, E. (2001), Mothers’ employment, parental involvement, and the implication for intermediate child outcomes, Social Science Research, 30(1), 25-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ssre.2000.0685 [Google Scholar]
|