International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 2834-7919   |  e-ISSN: 1554-5210

Original article | International Journal of Progressive Education 2021, Vol. 17(1) 68-85

The Mediating Role of Mindfullnes in the Relationship between School Burnout and Problematic Smartphone and Social Media Use

Sümeyye Bilgiz & Adem Peker

pp. 68 - 85   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2021.329.5   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2008-12-0005

Published online: February 01, 2021  |   Number of Views: 375  |  Number of Download: 852


Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of the mindfullness in the relationship between the school burnout and problematic smart phone (PSU) and social media use (SMA). The participants of the research consists of 411 students studying in the high schools in the city centre Erzurum in Turkey in 2020.  Research data were obtained through the Smart phone Addiction Scale-short version, The Social Media Addiction Scale short form, the awareness scale for children and adolescents, and the Student form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The relationship between the variables of the research was examined by Pearson coorelation analyses. The SPSS-22 program was used for correlation analysis and the Jamovi 1.0.7 program was used for analyses on the mediating role of mindfullness. At the end of the study, it was found out that there is a mediating role in the relationship between mindfullness, exhaustion sub-size of the school burnout scale, and PSU and SMA. In the other result of the research, it has been found out that mindfullness mediated the relationship between the depersonalization dimension of the school burnout and SMA In another conclusion obtained from the study, mindfullness has been found not to mediate the relationship between the competence dimension of the school burnout, PSU and SMA. Also, in another similar conclusion, mindfullness has been found not mediate the relationship between the competence dimension of the school burnout and PSU.

Keywords: School Burnout, Problematic Smart phone, Social Media Use, Mindfullness, Mediating Effect


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Bilgiz, S. & Peker, A. (2021). The Mediating Role of Mindfullnes in the Relationship between School Burnout and Problematic Smartphone and Social Media Use . International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(1), 68-85. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2021.329.5

Harvard
Bilgiz, S. and Peker, A. (2021). The Mediating Role of Mindfullnes in the Relationship between School Burnout and Problematic Smartphone and Social Media Use . International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(1), pp. 68-85.

Chicago 16th edition
Bilgiz, Sumeyye and Adem Peker (2021). "The Mediating Role of Mindfullnes in the Relationship between School Burnout and Problematic Smartphone and Social Media Use ". International Journal of Progressive Education 17 (1):68-85. doi:10.29329/ijpe.2021.329.5.

References
  1. Andrews, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., & Kacmar, C. (2014). The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International. 19(5), 494–507 [Google Scholar]
  2. Armstrong, A.,  &  Jackson, T.  (2015). The mindful consumer.  Mindfulness training and the escape from consumerism. Sustainable Lifestyles Research Group, Retrieved April 18, 2020, https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/ downloads/mindful-consumer-mindfulnesstraining-escape-from-consumerism-88038.pdf [Google Scholar]
  3. Arpaci, I. (2019). Relationships between early maladaptive schemas and smartphone addiction: The moderating role of mindfulness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-15, doi: 10.1007/s11469-019-00186-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Arslan, G. (2017). Psychological maltreatment, forgiveness, mindfulness, and internet addiction among young adults: A study of mediation effect. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 57-66. [Google Scholar]
  5. Avcı, D. K., & Şahin, H. A. Relationship between burnout syndrome and ınternet addiction, and the risk factors in healthcare employees. The Journal of  Konuralp Medical, 9(2), 78-85, doi: 10.18521/ktd.299196. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  6. Bajaj, B., Robins, R. W., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 127-131. [Google Scholar]
  7. Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156-162. [Google Scholar]
  8. Boumosleh, J., & Jaalouk, D. (2018). Smartphone addiction among university students and its relationship with academic performance. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(1), 10-5539. [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown, K. W., &  Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Brubaker, J. R., & Beverly, E. A. (2020). Burnout, perceived stress, sleep quality, and smartphone use: A survey of osteopathic medical students. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 120(1), 6. [Google Scholar]
  11. Bryant, A. (2018). The effect of social media on the physical, social emotional, and cognitive development of adolescents. Honors Senior Capstone Projects. 37, 1-29. Retrived from https://scholarworks.merrimack.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=honors_capstones. [Google Scholar]
  12. Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., Oberst, U., Rodrigo, B., & Prades, M. (2018). Problematic use of the internet and smartphones in university students: 2006–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 475. [Google Scholar]
  13. Cha, S. S., & Seo, B. K. (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychology Open, 5(1), 2055102918755046.22. [Google Scholar]
  14. Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Mindful Facebooking: The moderating role of mindfulness on the relationship between social media use intensity at work and burnout. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(9), 1966-1980, doi: 10.1177/1359105315569096. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Chaudhury, P., & Tripathy, H. K. (2018). A study on impact of smartphone addiction on academic performance. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.6), 50-53. doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10066 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  16. Chen, L., Yan, Z., Tang, W., Yang, F., Xie, X., & He, J. (2016). Mobile phone addiction levels and negative emotions among Chinese young adults: The mediating role of interpersonal problems. Computers in Human behavior, 55, 856-866. [Google Scholar]
  17. Çapri, B., Gündüz, B. & Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Student form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Turkish adaptation: Validity and reliability study. The Journal of Çukurova University Education Faculty, 40(1),134-147. [Google Scholar]
  18. Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2016). The awareness scale for children and adolescents: Validity and reliability study of Turkish form. The Journal of Kastamonu Education, 24(2), 905-916. [Google Scholar]
  19. Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., O’Brien, K. D., & Armour, C. (2018). Distress tolerance and mindfulness mediate relations between depression and anxiety sensitivity with problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  20. Erdem, H., Kalkın, G., Türen, U., & Deniz, M. (2016). The effects of no mobıle phone phobıa (nomofobı) on academıc performance among undergraduate students.  The Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(3). [Google Scholar]
  21. Freudenberger, H. J., & Richelson G. (1981). Burn-Out; How to beat the high cost of success. Bantam boks, Doubleday & Company, Inc., New York. [Google Scholar]
  22. Gámez-Guadix, M., & Calvete, E. (2016). Assessing the relationship between mindful awareness and problematic internet use among adolescents. Mindfulness, 7(6), 1281-1288. [Google Scholar]
  23. Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoğlu, N. B., Samur, Y., & Yildirim, S. (2018). A spreading addiction among young generation: An examination of smartphone addiction according to gender, academic success and mobile game playing variables. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 8(2), 212-231. [Google Scholar]
  24. Goodyear, V. A., & Armour, K. M. (2019). Young people, social media and health (p. 3-4). Taylor & Francis. [Google Scholar]
  25. Greco, L., Baer, R. A., & Smith, G. T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (CAMM). Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 606-614. [Google Scholar]
  26. Griffiths, M. (2000). Does Internet and computer" addiction" exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3(2), 211-218, doi: 10.1089/109493100316067. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  27. Imani, A.; Esmaeeli, S., Golestani, M.; Ghoddoosi-Nejad, D.J., Baghestan, E.B.; Arab-Zozani, M. (2018). Relation between internet addiction and educational burnout among students in faculty of health management and medical informatics of tabriz university of medical sciences: A cross-sectional study. Modern Care Journal, 15, 1-6. [Google Scholar]
  28. Janssen, M., Heerkens, Y., Kuijer, W., Van Der Heijden, B., & Engels, J. (2018). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on employees’ mental health: A systematic review. PloS One, 13(1), e0191332. [Google Scholar]
  29. Jorgenson, A. G., Hsiao, R. C. J., & Yen, C. F. (2016). Internet addiction and other behavioral addictions. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 25(3), 509-520; doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.004. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  30. Jin Jeong, Y., Suh, B., & Gweon, G. (2019). Is smartphone addiction different from Internet addiction? comparison of addiction-risk factors among adolescents. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-16. [Google Scholar]
  31. Kaymaz, E., & Şakiroğlu, M. (2020). The effects of mindfulness and cognitive flexibility on problematic smartphone use: the mediator role of self-control. The Journal of Social Sciences Review of the Faculty of Sciences & Letters University of Uludag, 21(38), 79-108. [Google Scholar]
  32. Ke, C. L., & Shih-Tsung, C. (2019). Applied mindfulness smartphone app helps mitigating smartphone addiction. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, S530-S531. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.786. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041-1056. [Google Scholar]
  34. Kraut, R., Mukhopadhyay, T., Szczypula, J., Kiesler, S., & Scherlis, B. (1999). Information and communication: Alternative uses of the Internet in households. Information Systems Research, 10(4), 287-303. [Google Scholar]
  35. Kunkel, R. C., Thompson, J. C., & McElhinney, J. H. (1973). School-related alienation: Perceptions of secondary school students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 074 092) [Google Scholar]
  36. Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. Journal of Anatolian Psychiatry, 12(8), 1-7. [Google Scholar]
  37. Kwon, M., Lee, J.Y., Won, W.Y., Park, J.W.,& Min, J.A. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). Plos One, 8(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  38. Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New media & society, 14(1), 117-136, doi: 10.1177/1461444811410406. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  39. Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350. [Google Scholar]
  40. Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., Tseng, H. W.,  Yen, L. Y., Yang, C. C. H., & Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of psychiatric research, 65, 139-145. [Google Scholar]
  41. Liu, C., & Ma, J. (2018). Social media addiction and burnout: The mediating roles of envy and social media use anxiety. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9998-0. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  42. Longstreet, P., & Brooks, S. (2017). Life satisfaction: A key to managing internet & social media addiction. Technology in Society, 50, 73-77. [Google Scholar]
  43. Lopez-Fernandez, O., Honrubia-Serrano, L., Freixa-Blanxart, M., & Gibson, W. (2014). Prevalence of problematic mobile phone use in British adolescents. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and social networking, 17(2), 91-98. [Google Scholar]
  44. Mackenzie, C. S., Poulin, P. A., & Seidman-Carlson, R. (2006). A brief mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for nurses and nurse aides. Applied nursing research, 19(2), 105-109. [Google Scholar]
  45. Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(8), 833-844. [Google Scholar]
  46. Malinowski, P., & Lim, H. J. (2015). Mindfulness at work: Positive affect, hope, and optimism mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, work engagement, and well-being. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1250-1262. [Google Scholar]
  47. McGahoon, A. (2015). Smartphones and Social Media: A Modern Addiction. Retrived from https://www.slideshare.net/AoifeMcGahon/smartphones-and-social-media-us-pdf-43961756 accessed on 01.04.2020.  [Google Scholar]
  48. Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(1), 105 -114. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2. [Google Scholar]
  49. Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Nandavar, S., Newton, J. D. A., Demant, D., & Phillips, J. G. (2019). Problematic use of mobile phones in Australia… is it getting worse?. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 105, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00105. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  50. Peters, O., & Allouch, B. S. (2005). Always connected: A longitudinal field study of mobile communication. Telematics and Informatics, 22, 239-256, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2004.11.002. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  51. Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple medaitor models. Behevior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. [Google Scholar]
  52. Regan, T., Harris, B., Loon, M. V., Nanavaty, N. Schueler, J., Engler, S., & Fields, S. A. (2020). Does mindfulness reduce the effects of risk factors for problematic smartphone use? Comparing frequency of use versus self-reported addiction. Addictive Behaviors Addictive Behavior, 108,  doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106435 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  53. Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., & Rollins, L. G. (2015). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 52-57. [Google Scholar]
  54. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  55. Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., Leskinen, E., & Nurmi, J. E. (2009). School burnout inventory (SBI) reliability and validity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 48-57. [Google Scholar]
  56. Salmela-Aro, K., Upadyaya, K., Hakkarainen, K., Lonka, K., & Alho, K. (2017). The dark side of internet use: Two longitudinal studies of excessive internet use, depressive symptoms, school burnout and engagement among Finnish early and late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 343-357. [Google Scholar]
  57. Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481. [Google Scholar]
  58. Shapiro, S. L., & Carlson, L. E. (2009). The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions. American Psychological Association. [Google Scholar]
  59. Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353-365. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  60. Shonin, E. S., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Mindfulness in psychology: a breath of fresh air? The Psychologist, 28(1), 28-31, retrieved from http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/25968/1/221445_2981.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  61. Shubnikova, E. G., Khuziakhmetov, A. N., & Khanolainen, D. P. (2017). Internet-addiction of adolescents: Diagnostic problems and pedagogical prevention in the educational environment. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(8), 5261-5271. [Google Scholar]
  62. Soni, A., Upadhyay, R., & Jain, A. (2017). Internet of things and wireless physical layer security: A survey. In Computer Communication, Networking and Internet Security (pp. 115-123). Springer, Singapore. [Google Scholar]
  63. Sriwilai, K., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Face it, don't Facebook it: Impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health, 32(4), 427-434. [Google Scholar]
  64. Sussman, S., & Sussman, A. N. (2011). Considering the definition of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 4025-4038; doi:10.3390/ijerph8104025. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  65. Şata, M., & Karip, F. (2017). Turkish culture adaptation of smartphone addiction scale-short version for adolescents. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 6(4), 426-440. [Google Scholar]
  66. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson. [Google Scholar]
  67. Tang, C. S. K., Koh, Y. W., & Gan, Y. (2017). Addiction to internet use, online gaming, and online social networking among young adults in China, Singapore, and the United States. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 29(8), 673-682. [Google Scholar]
  68. Taş, İ. (2017). The Study Of Validity And Reliability Of The Social Media Addiction Scale Short Form For Adolescent. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 4(1), 27-40. [Google Scholar]
  69. Tomaszek, K., & Muchacka-Cymerman, A. (2019). Sex Differences in the relationship between student school burnout and problematic internet use among adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4107, doi: 10.3390/ijerph16214107  [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  70. Van Den Eijnden, R. J., Lemmens, J. S., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). The social media disorder scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 478-487. [Google Scholar]
  71. Walsh, S. P., K. M. White, &R. M. Young. 2010. Needing to Connect: The Impact of Self and Others on Young People’s Involvement with Their Mobile Phone. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 194-203. [Google Scholar]
  72. Yang, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., & Fan, C. (2019). Mobile phone addiction and adolescents’ anxiety and depression: the moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(3), 822-830. [Google Scholar]
  73. Young, K.Y.S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with internet addicts: Treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 671-679 [Google Scholar]